Matching demand and supply in motorised mobility: A data-driven differentiation of the driving patterns for urban contexts

• We acquire data collected from a car OEM fleet in Europe. • We depict the legislation scenario that is established at the present day in terms of CO 2 and pollution emissions reduction, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses. • We show how the private mobility demand is structured and what the supply, in terms of vehicle powertrain, can offer. • We collect previous calculations and considerations that were made on driving habits. • We highlight pros and cons of electric vehicles and conventional vehicles from the point of view of the customer and considering energy supply aspects. • We show the methodology that was followed to define the driving cycle. • We show the data-driven driving cycle that is produced and highlight the results. • We conclude by outlining the advantages that reside in differentiating the powertrain per driving scenario and the technologies that enable such approach. This paper deals with future automobiles and their actual compliance with both local and global emissions: the European Parliament's deliberation on the 100% reduction of locally measured CO 2 emissions (February 2023), on newly manufactured vehicles by 2035 clearly and plausibly expresses a concept - oriented towards the transport supply - that needs to be completed. The current scenario for climate change requires actions for both mitigation and adaptation. The transportation sector is currently one of the sectors where mitigation actions can be applied. This is the scope behind the program Fit for 55 led by the European Parliament, which would like the reach of net zero CO 2 emissions by 2035. Additionally, many cities have applied for the net zero emission challenge by 2030. All this creates an intricated scenario for the private transportation sector, which should be affordable and flexible for all the transportation needs. A way to reach the goals defined above is the spreading of electrified transportation, including: BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles), which provide zero tailpipe emissions during use, PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles), which can do the same just when and where needed, without compromising the freedom of movement that drivers are accustomed to. There are many limits to a massive spread of BEVs, like energy and resources availability, queuing phenomena at publicly accessible charging spots, fire-load limitations, serious limits on second hand market, besides actual environmental sustainability: if we look at the carbon emissions footprint on the entire lifecycle of the energy source (namely, Well To Wheel), the neutrality with respect to GHGs is quite challenged. Based on these, we propose the idea to use the proper powertrain solution per driving scenario, in a way that pros and cons of each technological solution can be properly applied.