An Overview of Advancements in the Bone Metastases in Endocrine Cancers: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications

Bone metastasis is a complex, multi-stage process [3][4][5].It begins with circulating tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells entering the bone marrow, often establishing a dormant state [3][4][5].Later, these cells reactivate, proliferate, and interact with the bone microenvironment, influencing bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone-forming (osteoblasts) cells, ultimately leading to bone destruction [3][4][5].The bone microenvironment itself plays a crucial role, with various cell types (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, adipocytes, and immune