Demographic Development of Ethnic Minorities of Northeast China at the Turn of the 20th — 21st Centuries

Northeast China is a region bordering Russia, in which the Tunguso-Manchurian peoples, Koreans and Eluosizu-Russians live compactly, and therefore the study of various social issues among these nationalities is of interest for comparative studies. In this paper, an analysis of trends in the demographic development of small-numbered peoples of the Northeast China is carried out, the impact of demographic policy measures on population reproduction and its role in the preservation of small-numbered nationalities is shown. The demographic development of non-Han people in the northeastern region has undergone significant changes since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Until the early 1980s, there production of non-Han Chinese was strongly influenced by state national policy, which was reflected in the abnormal results of the population censuses from 1953 to 1982 (and even1990),when fluctuations were recorded from a significant decrease in the number of non-Han Chinese to an equally sharp increase. With the beginning of the reform era (after December 1978), a strict single-child policy began to be implemented in the country, but certain preferences were introduced in relation to national minorities in this matter, which were provided by regional governments. The authorities of the provinces of the Central Asian Republic allowed the possibility of the birth of second and third child in non-Han families, especially for small-numbered peoples. Nevertheless, the changed socio-economic conditions in the country, the growth of urbanization, as well as the development of the related social sphere (health care, social security system), the growth rate of the non-Han population has significantly decreased, and some of them (primarily Koreans) have entered the depopulation stage. Fertility rates demonstrate the completion of the demographic transition from an expanded to a narrowed reproduction regime among all peoples of the People's Republic of China, which indicates the low effectiveness of preferences. Cancellation of the single-child policy in 2013 in fact did not affect the demographic development of Chinese society in any way and actually cancel the policy of preferences for non-Han Chinese.