Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management–functional Roles of Nanoparticles in Pathogen Detection and Control

Plant diseases remain one of the most critical constraints in global agriculture, leading to substantial crop losses and threatening food security. Conventional disease management strategies are increasingly limited by environmental concerns, the emergence of resistant pathogen strains, and inefficiencies in delivery and targeting. In this context, nanotechnology presents a promising platform for sustainable and effective plant disease management. Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their unique physicochemical properties, have demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Metal-based NPs such as silver (AgNPs), copper (CuNPs), and zinc oxide (ZnO NPs); carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO); and biodegradable polymer-based NPs such as chitosan play crucial roles in pathogen inhibition. Their mechanisms of action include physical disruption of pathogen structures, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), interference with DNA and enzymatic activity, modulation of plant immune responses, and targeted delivery of agrochemicals. Moreover, green synthesis methods enhance their biocompatibility and environmental safety. Despite their potential, the widespread adoption of NPs in agriculture is hindered by concerns over phytotoxicity, environmental persistence, and the absence of comprehensive regulatory frameworks. This review critically explores the types, mechanisms, and pathogen-specific applications of nanoparticles in agriculture, while addressing existing challenges and outlining future directions for integrating nanotechnology into sustainable crop protection strategies.