Smart physical education

This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of Internet of Things (IoT) and Android-based applications in flipped classroom for physical education in elementary schools. This technology is expected to improve students' basic movement skills, physical abilities, interactive skills, behaviour, self-confidence, and preschool perspective. This study uses Borg and Gall research and development (R&D) methods with two main objectives, namely product development and effectiveness testing. The sample consisted of 197 students in Grades 4, 5, and 6 who had previously been tested for digital literacy. Validation is carried out by two experts in the field of credible materials and media, consisting of lecturers and software developers. The validation results show this app gets an assessment of “very good” from material experts and “good” from media experts. Trials on students and teachers showed “very good” results in the display, content and learning aspects. Effectiveness testing using an Independent t-test showed significant improvements in students' Pulse and cognitive variables. In conclusion, This IoT and Android application is valid and effective in flipped classroom, improving material access, interaction, collaboration, and objective assessment. Further research is suggested to compare the effectiveness of learning between IoT-based flipped classroom and Android with traditional methods or flipped classroom without additional technology.