European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a reservoir of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens.

The steadily increasing urbanization raises the risk of human contact with wild animals. This article describes nineteen species of bacteria, six viruses, and five species of fungi identified in wild European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). The selection was based on the varying zoonotic potential and ability to cause severe diseases in humans. The data came from thirteen countries in Europe and were published between the years 1991 and 2025. The study aimed to expand knowledge about pathogens transmitted by hedgehogs, including those showing antibiotic resistance, to improve human health protection.