Force and motivation Nexus: a two-tier integrated framework for sustainable electric energy-related behaviour change in Sub-Sahara African households

Climate change remains a critical global issue due to its severe consequences on human existence. Residential electricity consumption has been rising alarmingly, directly contributing to climate change impacts. Despite advancements in smart building technologies, including energy-efficient appliances and materials, energy wastage in households remains significant. While previous studies highlight technological solutions, limited attention has been given to household energy-related behaviors. Existing behavior change theories fail to provide a comprehensive framework addressing behavioral dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to develop a two-tier behavior change framework integrating force and motivation to reduce household energy wastage in Sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic literature review was conducted using targeted keyword searches in major databases, including Energy Policy and Science Direct, identifying 17 key theories on energy-related behaviors. A critical assessment revealed nine theoretical gaps. Further stakeholder and expert consultations informed the synthesis of 24 key catalysts for a holistic energy behavior change framework. The study developed the Building, Occupant, Appliances Nexus (BOAN) framework, which integrates building technology, occupant behavior, and appliance efficiency as essential elements of household energy use. Integrated behavior change programs were identified as the most effective strategy for reducing energy wastage. The findings emphasize the need for a policy shift from purely technological interventions to combined behavioral and structural strategies. The study advances knowledge on energy behavior changes by leveraging force and motivation. It recommends targeted policies promoting integrated household energy efficiency programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.