The Influence of Family Structure and Gender on Adolescent Development: A Comparative Study of Only Children and Non-Only Children

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage characterized by significant physiological, psychological changes. Adolescents' mental health is closely linked to their personal development, family well-being, and societal harmony. In the past decades, Chinese society has experienced significant changes in family structure, transitioning from a one-child policy to families with multiple children. This study examines the impact of family structure on adolescents in term of the mental health, personality traits, and behavioral characteristics, focusing on differences between only children and those with siblings. Gender differences are also discussed. A questionnaire on family and personal growth was sent on an online platform. 138 valid responses from adolescents were collected. The findings indicate that over 70% of participants experienced anxiety. Meanwhile 60% of the participants reported symptoms of depression and high stress levels. Female adolescents exhibited significantly higher anxiety and stress levels than males, and only children showed greater anxiety compared to those with siblings. However, the study challenges traditional stereotypes of only children, revealing no significant differences in overall personality or behavioral traits between compared to non-only children. Additionally, gender and family structure interact to shape psychological characteristics. For instance, girls with younger brothers demonstrated greater independence. At the same time, they show a stronger tendency to share resources. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of adolescents' psychological well-being and offers insights to support their healthy development.