Microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betle L.: Optimization, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation

This study aimed to enhance the phytochemical yield from <i>Piper betel</i> L. leaves by optimizing microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions were found to be 239.6 W (microwave power), 1.58 min (extraction time), and 1:22 (solid-to-solvent ratio). Under these conditions, the extract yield was 8.92 %, with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 77.98 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) of 38.99 mg QUE/g, antioxidant activity of 62.95 %, and chlorophyll content of 42.02 mg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including phytol and neophytadiene. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed substantial cellular disruption, confirming efficient extraction. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against <i>E. coli</i>, <i>B. cereus</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, and <i>B. pumilus</i>. These findings underscore the effectiveness of optimized MAE in extracting potent phytochemicals from betel leaves, reinforcing its potential in natural product development and therapeutic applications.