Historical and Philosophical Foundations of the Bioethics Development in Latin America: From the Colonial Legacy to the Philosophy of Liberation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation and development of bioethics in Latin America, where traditional Western principles face unique (regionally determined) socio-economic and socio-cultural realities. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of bioethics in Latin America, focusing on issues of social justice, protection of vulnerable groups and criticism of neocolonialism. The author applies historical, philosophical and comparative methods, analyzing the works of key thinkers (Florencia Luna, Ruth Macklin, Enrique Dussel) and the influence of factors such as liberation philosophy, Catholic ethics and social inequality. The study shows that in the process of bioethics formation in Latin America, universal principles (autonomy, benevolence, non-harm and justice) are integrated with the local context, which leads to the formation of approaches aimed at overcoming structural violence and marginalization. The concept of the Luna's "multi-layered vulnerability" reveals the complex impact of economic, gender, and cultural factors on access to medicine. At the same time, discussions about reproductive rights and the protection of indigenous peoples demonstrate a conflict between global standards and local traditions. The article's conclusions emphasize that bioethics research in Latin America makes a significant contribution to global discourse by offering a model that combines ethical principles with active social policy. This is especially true in the context of pandemics, environmental crises and increasing inequality.