Current Status of Research on Synthesis of α-Keto Acids and Their Esters

As multifunctional platform molecules, α-keto acids and their esters hold significant value in pharmaceutical synthesis, functional materials, and metabolic processes. Conventional chemical synthesis routes for these compounds are well-established and efficient but often rely on precious metals, high-pressure conditions, and hazardous reagents, leading to considerable environmental costs. In contrast, catalytic biomass conversion pathways—utilizing renewable feedstocks under mild conditions—offer promising alternatives. However, issues such as catalyst deactivation and undesired side reactions remain to be addressed. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in both traditional chemical and catalytic biomass-based synthesis of α-keto acids and their esters, with a particular emphasis on green synthetic routes derived from renewable resources. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in the field are briefly discussed.