Digital Sovereignty in Global Trade: Analysing WTO Governance of Data Flows

This paper examines the evolving landscape of cross-border data flows within the international trade law framework, with a particular focus on the World Trade Organization’s governance mechanisms. While digital trade and data transfers have become central to global commerce, the pre-internet WTO agreements present significant interpretative challenges in regulating these phenomena. Using doctrinal analysis, this paper critically assesses the application of GATT and GATS provisions to cross-border data flows, evaluates emerging regional approaches such as the RCEP and CPTPP, and examines the tension between trade liberalisation objectives and domestic policy priorities, including data privacy and digital sovereignty. The paper argues that while existing exceptions within WTO agreements potentially accommodate legitimate public policy objectives, the current fragmented regulatory approach creates legal uncertainty and risks undermining both free trade principles and legitimate regulatory interests. The paper contributes to scholarly discourse by proposing a balanced framework that reconciles trade facilitation with recognition of national regulatory autonomy in the digital sphere.