An Exploration of Dilthey’s Methodology of Spiritual Science

19世纪唯科学思潮的兴起，引起人们对知识合法性的普遍忧虑。在这一背景下，狄尔泰坚定地反对实证派将自然科学的典范强加给精神科学，主张其独特性。在研究方法上，他将体验、表达与理解视为精神科学的基石，主张经验是获得心灵认识的第一步，并以此为基础构建了整个心理科学系统。随后，通过对理解和表达中的意义进行深入阐释，精神科学的研究才得以展开。狄尔泰特别重视人的心灵和心灵方面的问题，他期待着从深层剖析人的心灵，为西方社会生活探寻到真正的价值所在，帮助人们获得内心的平静与安宁。社会历史是人创造的，若能合理地理解人的精神，对理解社会的物质实践活动，也是十分重要的。The rise of science-only thinking in the nineteenth century gave rise to widespread anxiety about the legitimacy of knowledge. Against this backdrop, Dilthey firmly opposed the positivists’ imposition of the paradigm of natural science on the human sciences, advocating for their uniqueness. In terms of methodology, he regarded experience, expression, and understanding as the cornerstones of the human sciences. He argued that experience is the first step in gaining knowledge of the mind, and on this basis, he constructed an entire system of spiritual science. Subsequently, through an in-depth elaboration of meaning in understanding and expression, research in the human sciences could be carried out. Dilthey placed particular emphasis on the human mind and issues related to the mind. He hoped to conduct a deep analysis of the human mind to explore the true values of Western social life and to help people achieve inner peace and tranquility. Since social history is created by humans, a rational understanding of the human spirit is also of great importance for understanding human material practices in society.