Latent tuberculosis: Epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment challenges in Nigeria

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in healthcare, TB continues to prevail, particularly in resource-limited settings. Understanding latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical for TB control strategies. Objective: This review aimed to assess LTBI epidemiology together with diagnostic and treatment challenges in Nigeria. Methods: Search of relevant articles on Latent tuberculosis in Nigeria compared to other countries published between 2008 and 2023 were undertaken mainly using Google scholar and PubMed. Related articles from websites of World Health Organization and Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria were also retrieved and reviewed. Results: LTBI represents a substantial reservoir for TB, with one-quarter of the world's population harboring the infection. The epidemiology of LTBI in Nigeria mirrors the global pattern, with a high prevalence observed among vulnerable populations. Diagnosis of LTBI relies on indirect methods, including tuberculin skin tests (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). Challenges in treating LTBI persist, including poor screening tools, low treatment compliance, and adverse drug reactions. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach, including improved screening, patient education, and healthcare infrastructure strengthening, to enhance LTBI management and contribute to TB control efforts globally and in Nigeria. Conclusion: Screening and treatment of LTBI remains a crucial preventive intervention for TB eradication. Innovative dedicated policies with augmented research and strategies would be necessary to establish a successful LTBI program in Nigeria.