Environmental risks of heavy metal pollution in war-affected soils in Ukraine

This study examines soil contamination by heavy metals in Ukraine resulting from military activities, focusing on three regions: Chernihiv (ChD), Sumy (SmD) and Dnipropetrovsk (DnD). These regions have varying technogenic backgrounds, affecting contamination levels. The aim was to assess concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn) in soils affected by military actions and evaluate the associated environmental risks. Soil samples were collected from areas directly affected by explosions and from locations 500 meters away. Concentrations of heavy metals were compared with maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and local geochemical background levels. The Environmental Risk Index (RI) was used to assess the risk of heavy metal accumulation. Results showed significant increases in metal concentrations in war-affected areas, with several metals exceeding MPC. The highest concentrations were recorded at DnD, where lead reached 3.9 MPC, nickel 1.8 MPC, and manganese 1.4 MPC. High levels of Pb and Ni were recorded at SmD, whereas at ChD high levels were only recorded for Pb and Ni. The RI for DnD and SmD was high (RI 391-324), indicating higher contamination and medium risk at ChD(RI 222). The environmemental risks in regions with high technogenic backgrounds, such as DnD, are more severe. This study underscores the importance of a technogenic background in contamination risks and the need for continuous monitoring and risk management strategies to protect ecosystems and human health.