Benefits and barriers: An exploratory study of drone use and LiDAR technology application in UK policing

Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have become essential tools in various policing tasks. This mixed-method, exploratory study investigates their use and development in United Kingdom (UK) policing, in general operational and forensic contexts. Data were collected via Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOI) requests sent to 45 UK police services. The findings indicate that although drones can improve operational efficiency and situational awareness, their integration into forensic settings is hampered by excessive costs, insufficient training, and procedural and regulatory constraints. The study suggests that targeted policy reforms could enhance drones’ utility, broadening police capabilities in routine operations and non-invasive complex investigatory work. Recommendations for policy and practice include developing standardised operating procedures, specialised training programmes, cost-mitigation strategies, public transparency measures, and the piloting of programmes to develop advanced sensing [such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)] and emerging technologies. The article provides insights for police agencies beyond the UK, aiming to advance their drone capabilities for both routine policing and forensic contexts.