The 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa: epidemiological dynamics, determinants, and public health implications

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a highly contagious and often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus, first identified in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Characterized by sudden fever, vomiting, hemorrhagic symptoms, and organ failure, EVD has become one of the most feared infectious diseases, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the years, Ebola outbreaks have posed significant challenges to public health systems, with the 2014-2016 West African epidemic marking the largest and most devastating in history. In addition to the virus’s zoonotic origins, human-to-human transmission through bodily fluids has contributed to the rapid spread in affected regions, making control efforts complex. Recent advances in diagnostics, treatment, and vaccination, particularly the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, have revolutionized the response to Ebola outbreaks, significantly improving survival rates and containment strategies. In parallel with Ebola, the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of coordinated international responses to emerging infectious diseases. The review of both Ebola and coronavirus infections emphasizes the lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis, such as the need for swift mobilization of resources, public trust, and effective communication strategies, as crucial elements for tackling future Ebola outbreaks. The development of novel therapeutics, the importance of robust surveillance systems, and the engagement of local communities in health interventions are key components discussed. The review concludes with a call for sustained investment in global health systems, research, and cross-border collaboration to better prepare for and mitigate the impact of future infectious disease threats.