Comparison of open and closed kinetic chain exercises on vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique in patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized, single-blinded, prospective study

The thickness of the VM and VMO muscles, the angle of the VMO fibers, and the pain scores improved both exercise groups in patients with PFPS. However, CKCE proved to be superior for pain reduction. Both open and closed kinetic chain exercises can be beneficial for PFPS management, with CKCE potentially being more appropriate for patients with prominent pain.