RAMPAGE: a software framework to ensure reproducibility in algorithmically generated domains detection

• We introduce RAMPAGE, a framework for reproducible algorithmically generated domains detection comparisons. • We develop a new model combining neural networks with logistic regression, which achieves slight improvements over state-of-the-art models. • Public release of the RAMPAGE source code and real-world DNS dataset. As part of its life cycle, malware can establish communication with its command and control server. To bypass static protection techniques, such as blocking certain IPs in firewalls or DNS server deny lists, malware can use algorithmically generated domains (AGD). Many different solutions based on deep learning have been proposed during the last years to detect this type of domains. However, there is a lack of ability to compare the proposed models because there is no common framework that allows experiments to be replicated under the same conditions. Each previous work shows its evaluation results, but under different experimentation conditions and even with different datasets. In this paper, we address this gap by proposing a software framework, dubbed rampage ( fRAMework to comPAre aGd dEtectors ), focused on training and comparing machine learning models for AGD detection. Furthermore, we propose a new model that uses logistic regression and, using rampage to obtain a fair comparison with different state-of-the-art models, achieves slightly better results than those obtained so far. In addition, the dataset built from real-world samples for evaluation, as well as the source code of rampage , are also publicly released to facilitate its use and promote experimental reproducibility in this research field.

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Publication Details

Journal
Expert Systems with Applications
Published
2025-06-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.128629
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Machine Learning and Data Classification
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.48

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article

RAMPAGE: a software framework to ensure reproducibility in algorithmically generated domains detection

Carlos Gañán, Ricardo J. Rodríguez, Tomás Pelayo-Benedet
1 citations
Expert Systems with Applications
Machine Learning and Data Classification
2.48
article

RAMPAGE: a software framework to ensure reproducibility in algorithmically generated domains detection

Carlos Gañán, Ricardo J. Rodríguez, Tomás Pelayo-Benedet
article en
1 citations

Abstract

• We introduce RAMPAGE, a framework for reproducible algorithmically generated domains detection comparisons. • We develop a new model combining neural networks with logistic regression, which achieves slight improvements over state-of-the-art models. • Public release of the RAMPAGE source code and real-world DNS dataset. As part of its life cycle, malware can establish communication with its command and control server. To bypass static protection techniques, such as blocking certain IPs in firewalls or DNS server deny lists, malware can use algorithmically generated domains (AGD). Many different solutions based on deep learning have been proposed during the last years to detect this type of domains. However, there is a lack of ability to compare the proposed models because there is no common framework that allows experiments to be replicated under the same conditions. Each previous work shows its evaluation results, but under different experimentation conditions and even with different datasets. In this paper, we address this gap by proposing a software framework, dubbed rampage ( fRAMework to comPAre aGd dEtectors ), focused on training and comparing machine learning models for AGD detection. Furthermore, we propose a new model that uses logistic regression and, using rampage to obtain a fair comparison with different state-of-the-art models, achieves slightly better results than those obtained so far. In addition, the dataset built from real-world samples for evaluation, as well as the source code of rampage , are also publicly released to facilitate its use and promote experimental reproducibility in this research field.

Expert Systems with ApplicationsVol. 293
Universidad de Zaragoza (ES), Delft University of Technology (NL)
European Commission, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Gender equality
Openalex Percentile: Top 10%
Machine Learning and Data Classification
2.48
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