Synergistic Enhancement Mechanisms of Lithium‐Ion Storage in Black Phosphorus@Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (BP@Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x ) Composite Thin‐Film Electrodes

A binder-free BP@Ti₃C₂T_x composite thin-film electrode was fabricated via a one-step vacuum filtration method, enabling precise control over morphology and scalability. The Ti₃C₂T_x MXene framework constructs a 3D conductive network that enhances charge transfer kinetics and mechanically confines black phosphorus (BP) particles through robust Ti─O─P bonding, effectively suppressing BP's volume expansion during cycling. Structural characterization (XRD, SEM, EDS, etc.) confirms the homogeneous "Mosaic" architecture, with BP particles uniformly embedded in the MXene matrix. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further reveals enhanced Ti─C bonding and significant Ti-O-P interfacial interactions. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates exceptional performance: the composite electrode achieves a discharge capacity of 685.92 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 100 cycles, near-100% Coulombic efficiency, and remarkable capacity recovery (783.21 mAh/g) after high-rate cycling (1.5 A/g). Kinetic analysis via cyclic voltammetry further indicates a reduced polarization (ΔV = 0.06 V) and enhanced capacitive contribution (b-value = 0.663-0.799), attributed to MXene's dual role in facilitating ion diffusion and electron transport. This work provides a scalable, binder-free electrode design strategy, offering fundamental insights into MXene-phosphorus synergism for next-generation high-energy-density batteries.