Finite-Time Thermodynamics: Problems, Approaches, and Results

In this manuscript, the typical problems of "finite-time thermodynamics", their general methodology, and the general features of their solutions are considered. We also consider the role of minimal dissipation processes, the properties of the irreversibility index, and the consequences of its existence. A generalization of the Carathéodory theorem for averaged optimization problems corresponding to cyclic processes and the properties of optimal solutions following from it are given. The existence of the irreversibility index for economic macrosystems and their analogies to and differences from thermodynamic systems are proven.