Ultrasonographic characterization and prognostic follow-up of fetal cardiac involvement in maternal immune diseases

Fetal cardiac involvement due to maternal immune diseases can be categorized into three types: the isolated-arrhythmia, isolated EFE, and both arrhythmia and EFE. In our study, all cases of arrhythmia were bradyarrhythmias, with sinus bradycardia being the most prevalent type. Given the strong association between maternal autoimmune diseases and fetal cardiac abnormalities such as bradyarrhythmias and EFE, prenatal ultrasound findings of these conditions should raise suspicion for maternal immune disorders. Consequently, prompt screening for maternal autoimmune antibodies is recommended.