Evaluating the impact of regulatory and policy frameworks on sustainable supply chain management in the national capital region (NCR) of India

This study investigates the impact of regulatory and policy frameworks on the adoption and effectiveness of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) practices in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India-one of the country's most industrially diverse and environmentally sensitive economic zones. The primary objectives are to (i) assess organizational awareness and compliance with key environmental regulations, (ii) evaluate how these regulations influence environmental performance and supply chain sustainability, and (iii) identify implementation challenges across various organizational sizes and sectors. The research employs a mixed-methods approach using a stratified random sampling strategy to gather quantitative and qualitative data through structured questionnaires. The sample includes micro, small, medium, and large enterprises operating across key sectors such as manufacturing, services, retail, and logistics. Data analysis combines descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses, as well as thematic and content analyses, to offer a multi-dimensional understanding of SSCM implementation dynamics. Key findings reveal that regulatory awareness and implementation effectiveness are significantly higher among large enterprises compared to micro and small enterprises, primarily due to disparities in financial resources, technical expertise, and infrastructure. Among the four regulatory frameworks studied-Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), Bharat Stage VI Standards, and E-Waste Management Rules (2016)-GRAP shows the highest awareness and perceived effectiveness. Organizations implementing SSCM practices report measurable improvements in environmental performance, particularly in emissions reduction, waste management efficiency, and resource utilization. However, financial constraints, regulatory complexity, and limited technological capabilities remain significant barriers for smaller firms. The study concludes that while regulatory frameworks are generally effective in catalyzing sustainable practices, their success is uneven across organizational sizes and sectors. It recommends more nuanced, size-specific policy interventions, greater government and institutional support for capacity building, and increased access to technological solutions to ensure broader SSCM adoption. This research contributes to the evolving discourse on sustainability in emerging economies by offering policy-relevant insights into regulatory impact, organizational behavior, and regional development.