Transdermal drug delivery systems: An in-depth review

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) represent a sophisticated approach to drug administration, offering controlled release of therapeutic agents across the skin and into the systemic circulation. This review elucidates the fundamental principles, advantages, and limitations of TDDS, emphasizing their capacity to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, maintain steady-state plasma drug concentrations, and enhance patient compliance. The intricate mechanisms of drug permeation through the skin are examined, along with a detailed analysis of the key components and diverse classifications of transdermal patches. Furthermore, this review critically evaluates recent advancements in TDDS technology, including iontophoresis, electroporation, and micro needle-based delivery, highlighting their potential to overcome existing barriers and expand the therapeutic scope of transdermal drug delivery.