Challenging the Universalism of the Concept of Transgender Identity in the Indian Context

Society often marginalizes non-normative forms of gender expression and identity, resulting in the exclusion of those who embody them and forcing them to live on the fringes. When it comes to sex and gender, Indian society acknowledges only two, whereas in Scriptures and Epics, three genders were socially accepted. From treating Hijras as royal ones to criminals, Indian history has seen it all. Being categorized under the 'third gender' has led to their identities being mixed with those of transgender individuals, resulting in a generalized narrative that fail to reflect their unique practices. After the NALSA vs Union of India (2014) Judgement, the visibility of third gender has increased in the society. But it deepens the problem for those who identify themselves as Hijras, as the judgement puts all those who defy gender norms under the category of transgenders. In India, culture defines one’s identity. The hijra community has specific traditions and rituals that an individual must adhere in order to be recognized as a hijra. The research is an attempt to highlight hijra’s unique culture, norms and rules, thereby distinguishing them from transgenders. The paper shall discuss the problematics of the term transgender vis-à- vis hijra.