Reconstruction of Coal Mining Business Permit Regulations in Realizing Sustainable and Equitable Development

The management of the coal mining sector in Indonesia still faces serious challenges in realising sustainable and equitable development. In general, the granting of Mining Business Permits (IUP) has tended to be oriented solely towards economic growth, without considering social justice, protection of local community rights, and environmental sustainability. In particular, weak supervision, overlapping regulations, and low public participation exacerbate inequality in mining benefits and risks distribution. This study aims to analyze the legal system of coal IUP in Indonesia, assess its implementation against the principles of justice and sustainability, and prepare a proposal for a more responsive and inclusive legal reconstruction. The method used is doctrinal (normative) legal research with a normative juridical, statutory, conceptual, and philosophical approach, and supported by primary data through interviews and secondary data from legal and policy literature. The study results indicate that reform of the IUP system is urgently needed through regulatory harmonization, strengthening of supervisory institutions, applying the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), and developing participatory mechanisms. Legal reconstruction is needed to address ecological and social challenges towards equitable and sustainable mining.