Drivers and barriers towards achieving SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation for all - an Indian perspective

• India showed strong commitments towards SDG 2030, with a special focus given to SDG 6 because it is a foundation for livelihood development and betterment of peoples in India. • Key programs on water and sanitation, technological advancements, public-private partnerships and community participation have significantly improved water access and sanitation facilities. • Increasing water scarcity, groundwater depletion, inadequate wastewater treatment, lack of integrated water-sanitation infrastructure, climate change impacts and poor institutional coordination affect the water and sanitation practices. • Strengthening institutions, efficient water use, wastewater recycling, climate-resilient infrastructure, decentralised governance, and innovative financing models can accelerate progress toward SDG 6. Access to clean water and sanitation is a fundamental requirement for sustainable development. However, many low and middle income countries, such as India, continues to face significant challenges in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), i.e., access to clean water and sanitation. Despite enormous initiatives taken by India, issues such as groundwater depletion, water pollution, and sanitation gaps persist. Population growth, urbanisation, and industrial expansion have put pressure on water resources, reducing water quality and sanitation services. This paper assesses the key barriers and drivers influencing India’s efforts and on the way forward to achieve the global 2030 Agenda. The present study follows the PRISMA methodology approach, combining secondary data, policy reviews, case studies, and government reports to assess the progress, barriers, and future outlook for SDG 6 in India. The key findings revealed that India's major drivers to SDG 6 are substantial progress in toilet construction,water supply expansion through government missions, technological breakthrough, public awareness campaigns, and public-private partnerships. Key barriers to achieve SDG 6 include inadequate wastewater treatment capacity, over-extraction of groundwater, rapid population growth, the adverse effects of climate change on water availability and sanitation infrastructure. Strengthening regional institutions, developing climate-resilient infrastructure, and innovative financing models could accelerate progress towards SDG 6. Additionally, the study recommends water and sanitation courses in the school curriculum and policy reforms, could help in realizing SDG 6 by 2030.