The role of metal oxide nanoparticles in advancing sustainable energy systems with biodiesel blend

ABSTRACT Biodiesel research for alternative diesel fuel continues due to the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. The lower thermal efficiency and increased emissions from biodiesel necessitate further development to improve its practicality. This study examines the effects of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZnO nanoparticles on the performance and emission characteristics of B20 soybean biodiesel in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Experimental tests with biodiesel blends containing 50 ppm and 100 ppm nanoparticles were conducted on an engine while adjusting the load conditions. The results indicated that brake thermal efficiency improved by 5.4%, and brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 6.7%. The engine's NOx emissions were reduced by 5.7%, and particulate matter and CO emissions decreased by up to 13% and 20%, respectively. The nanoparticle-enhanced reaction resulted in better combustion, which reduced hazardous emissions while producing higher energy output. Research suggests that biodiesel with nanoparticle additives has potential as an environmentally friendly energy solution because it offers improved engine performance with lower environmental impact. Future studies should investigate both the long-term effects on engines and the financial viability of nanoparticle applications to optimize biodiesel technologies.