Beyond the STEMI; Unmasking A Coronary Artery Aneurysm

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are relatively rare defects that range significantly in clinical presentation, most often discovered in adults with concomitant coronary artery disease. There remains no general consensus on the optimal management of CAAs. A vast majority of cases reported in literature are managed operatively or with percutaneous stenting. We however demonstrate a case of a CAA discovered upon angiography for a STEMI managed entirely with intracoronary thrombolytics and intravenous heparin, followed by a repeat coronary angiography that confirmed re-opening of the occluded vessel now with distal coronary blood flow. 1. Matta AG, Yaacoub N, Nader V, Moussallem N, Carrie D, Roncalli J. Coronary artery aneurysm: A review. World J Cardiol. 2021 Sep 26;13(9):446-455. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i9.446. PMID: 34621489; PMCID: PMC8462041. 1. Kawsara, A, Núñez Gil, I, Alqahtani, F. et al. Management of Coronary Artery Aneurysms. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2018 Jul, 11(13) 1211–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jcin.2018.02.041 2. Kacila M, Matteucci ML, Bevilacqua S, Granov N, Glauber M. Treatment of left anterior descending artery aneurysm. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2006 Nov;6(4):22-4. doi: 10.17305/ bjbms.2006.3113. PMID: 17177643; PMCID: PMC5807962. 3. Sheikh AS, Hailan A, Kinnaird T, Choudhury A, Smith D. Coronary Artery Aneurysm: Evaluation, Prognosis, and Proposed Treatment Strategies. Heart Views. 2019 Jul-Sep;20(3):101-108. doi: 10.4103/HEARTVIEWS. HEARTVIEWS_1_19. PMID: 31620255; PMCID: PMC6791093. 4. Swaye PS, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Vignola PA, Judkins MP, Kemp HG, et al. Aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1983;67:134–8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.1.134. 5. Sushil Kumar Singh, Tushar Goyal, Rishi Sethi, Sharad Chandra, Vijayant Devenraj, Nitin Kumar Rajput, Dinesh Kaushal, Vivek Tewarson, Santosh Gupta, Sarvesh Kumar, Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm: a single-centre experience, Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, Volume 17, Issue 4, October 2013, Pages 632-636, https://doi. org/10.1093/icvts/ivt282 6. Morita H, Ozawa H, Yamazaki S, Yamauchi Y, Tsuji M, Katsumata T, Ishizaka N. A case of giant coronary artery aneurysm with fistulous connection to the pulmonary artery: a case report and review of the literature. Intern Med. 2012;51(11):1361- 6. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7134. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22687842. 7. Barioli A, Visco E, Pellizzari N, Marzot F, Lanzellotti D, Favero L, Cernetti C. Diagnostic workup and treatment options for aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Vessel Plus. 2024;8:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2023.68 8. Abou Sherif S, Ozden Tok O, Tas ̧köylü Ö, Goktekin O and Kilic ID (2017) Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 4:24. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00024 9. Chauhan et al.: An unruptured, thrombosed 10 cm right coronary artery aneurysm mimicking a pericardial cyst. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013 8:2. 10. Sannino, M.; Nicolai, M.; Infusino, F.; Giulio, L.; Usai, T.L.; Biscotti, G.; Azzarri, A.; De Angelis D’Ossat, M.; Calcagno, S.; Calcagno, S. Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Clinical Case Report and Literature Review Supporting Therapeutic Choices. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5348. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185348 11. Pham, V.; Hemptinne, Q.; Grinda, J.; Duboc D.; Varenne, O.; Picard, F. Giant coronary aneurysms, from diagnosis to treatment: A literature review. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020, January, 113(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. acvd.2019.10.008 12. Khouzam, M.S., Khouzam, N. Giant coronary artery aneurysms involving more than one coronary artery: case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 16, 177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13019-021-01560-5. 13. Ramirez, F.D., et. Al. Natural History and Management of Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Graft Aneurysms. A Systematic Review of Published Cases. American Heart Association. 2012 Oct, (126)18, 1524-4539. 14. Nichols, L., Lagana, S., Parwani, A. Coronary Artery Aneurysm. A Review and Hypothesis Regarding Etiology. Arch Pathol Lab Med (2008) 132 (5): 823–828. https://doi.org/10.5858/2008- 132-823-CAAARA. 15. Bajaj, S. Et Al. Covered-Stent Treatment of Coronary Aneurysm after Drug-Eluting Stent Placement, Case Report and Literature ReviewTex Heart Inst 2010;37(4):449-54). 16. Aoki J, Kirtane A, Leon MB, Dangas G. Coronary artery aneurysms after drug-eluting stent implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008 Feb;1(1):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j. jcin.2007.10.004. PMID: 19393139. 17. Befeler B, Aranda MJ, Embi A, Mullin FL, El-Sherif N, Lazzara R. Coronary artery aneurysms: study of the etiology, clinical course and effect on left ventricular function and prognosis. Am J Med. 1977;62:597-607. 18. Pasha, A.K., Jokerst, C.E., Janardhanan, R. Myocardial Infarction related to a Coronary Artery Aneurysm. The American Journal of Medicine. 2015, February (128)2. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.017. 19. ElGuindy MS, ElGuindy AM. Aneurysmal coronary artery disease: An overview, Global Cardiology Science and Practice 2017:26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2017.26. 20. Khubber S, Chana R, Meenakshisundaram C, et al. Coronary artery aneurysms: outcomes following medical, pinterventional and surgical management. Open Heart 2021;8:e001440. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2020-001440. 21. Sugiyama, K., Matsuyama, K., Maruno, K. et al. A case of ruptured infective coronary artery aneurysm. surg case rep 3, 75 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-017-0347-6. 22. Johnson, P.T., Fishman, E.K. CT Angiography of Coronary Artery Aneurysms; Detection, definition, causes, and treatment. American Journal of Roentology. 2010, March (195)4. https:// doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3517. 23. Kacila M, Matteucci ML, Bevilacqua S, Granov N, Glauber M. Treatment of left anterior descending artery aneurysm. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2006 Nov;6(4):22-4. doi: 10.17305/ bjbms.2006.3113. PMID: 17177643; PMCID: PMC5807962. 24. Beyer, M., Shoap, S., Beyer, E. Massive Giant Coronary Aneurysm. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2024, March (2)1, 38-39. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.atssr.2023.09.001. 25. Hannah, E.L., Et Al. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. American Heart Association.2022,June(15)6. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/ CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011687. 26. Zhu Et. Al., Challenges and strategies in the management of coronary artery aneurysms. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology 62 (2021) 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2020.09.004. 27. Krüger D, Stierle U, Herrmann G, Simon R, Sheikhzadeh A. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in isolated coronary artery ectasias and aneurysms (“dilated coronopathy”). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;34(5):1461-70. doi: 10.1016/s0735- 1097(99)00375-7. PMID: 10551693. 28. Gundoğdu F, Arslan S, Buyukkaya E, Senocak H. Treatment of a coronary artery aneurysm by use of a covered stent graft - a case report. Int J Angiol. 2007 Spring;16(1):31-2. doi: 10.1055/ s-0031-1278242. PMID: 22477247; PMCID: PMC2733002. 29. Shah, S, Patel, T, Patel, G. et al. Percutaneous Treatment of Long Coronary Aneurysms: Novel Technique for Increased Efficacy and Safety. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019 Dec, 1 (4) 628–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.10.004. 30. Deibele AJ, Jennings LK, Tcheng JE, Neva C, Earhart AD, Gibson CM. Intracoronary eptifibatide bolus administration during percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute coronary syndromes with evaluation of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy and platelet function: the Intracoronary Eptifibatide (ICE) Trial. Circulation. 2010 Feb 16;121(6):784- 91. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882746. 31. Kumar, V. Et. Al. Large intracoronary thrombus and its management during primary PCI. Indian Heart Journal. 72 (2020) 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.009. 32. Gülec S, Aras O, Atmaca Y, Akyürek O, Hanson NQ, Sayin T, Tsai MY, Akar N, Oral D. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is a potent risk factor for coronary artery ectasia. Heart. 2003 Feb;89(2):213-4. doi: 10.1136/ heart.89.2.213. PMID: 12527685; PMCID: PMC1767548. 33. Zhu L, Cui Q, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu F, Wang J. Effects of a Secondary Prevention Combination Therapy with betaBlocker and Statin on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Aug 18;26:e925114. doi: 10.12659/MSM.925114. PMID: 32808600; PMCID: PMC7453752. 34. Gebbers JO. Atherosclerosis, cholesterol, nutrition, and statins- -a critical review. Ger Med Sci. 2007 Aug 16;5:Doc04. PMID: 19675712; PMCID: PMC2703237. 35. Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, Wedel H, Berglund G. Lowdose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation. 2001 Apr 3;103(13):1721-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1721. PMID: 11282901. 36. Hu M, Hu S, Gao X, Yang Y. Beta-Blocker Use after Discharge in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Contemporary Reperfusion Era. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Aug 30;58(9):1177. doi: 10.3390/medicina58091177. PMID: 36143854; PMCID: PMC9506114. 37. Khalid, N., Kumar, S., Muskula, P., Muhammad, M., Helmy T. Coronary Artery Aneurysms and Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Interventonalist’s Dilemma. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J. 2024;20(1):33-39. doi. 10.14797/mdcvj.1343. 38. Baman TS, Cole JH, Devireddy CM, Sperling LS. Risk factors and outcomes in patients with coronary artery aneurysms. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Jun 15;93(12):1549-51. doi: 10.1016/j. amjcard.2004.03.011. PMID: 15194034. 39. Bararu-Bojan, I., Badulescu, O.-V., Badescu, M. C., Vladeanu, M. C., Plesoianu, C. E., Bojan, A., Iliescu-Halitchi, D., Tudor, R., Huzum, B., Frasinariua, O. E., & Ciocoiu, M. (2024). New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Aneurysms. Diagnostics, 14(19), 2167. https://doi.org/10.339

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World Journal of Case Reports and Clinical Images
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2025-01-01
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Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
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Beyond the STEMI; Unmasking A Coronary Artery Aneurysm

Francesco Rotatori, Gautham Upadhya, Asher Gorantla, Shirjeel Shahzad et al.
1 citations
World Journal of Case Reports and Clinical Images
Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
2.01
article

Beyond the STEMI; Unmasking A Coronary Artery Aneurysm

Francesco Rotatori, Gautham Upadhya, Asher Gorantla, Shirjeel Shahzad, Resha Reya Ganthan
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are relatively rare defects that range significantly in clinical presentation, most often discovered in adults with concomitant coronary artery disease. There remains no general consensus on the optimal management of CAAs. A vast majority of cases reported in literature are managed operatively or with percutaneous stenting. We however demonstrate a case of a CAA discovered upon angiography for a STEMI managed entirely with intracoronary thrombolytics and intravenous heparin, followed by a repeat coronary angiography that confirmed re-opening of the occluded vessel now with distal coronary blood flow. 1. Matta AG, Yaacoub N, Nader V, Moussallem N, Carrie D, Roncalli J. Coronary artery aneurysm: A review. World J Cardiol. 2021 Sep 26;13(9):446-455. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i9.446. PMID: 34621489; PMCID: PMC8462041. 1. Kawsara, A, Núñez Gil, I, Alqahtani, F. et al. Management of Coronary Artery Aneurysms. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2018 Jul, 11(13) 1211–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jcin.2018.02.041 2. Kacila M, Matteucci ML, Bevilacqua S, Granov N, Glauber M. Treatment of left anterior descending artery aneurysm. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2006 Nov;6(4):22-4. doi: 10.17305/ bjbms.2006.3113. PMID: 17177643; PMCID: PMC5807962. 3. Sheikh AS, Hailan A, Kinnaird T, Choudhury A, Smith D. Coronary Artery Aneurysm: Evaluation, Prognosis, and Proposed Treatment Strategies. Heart Views. 2019 Jul-Sep;20(3):101-108. doi: 10.4103/HEARTVIEWS. HEARTVIEWS_1_19. PMID: 31620255; PMCID: PMC6791093. 4. Swaye PS, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Vignola PA, Judkins MP, Kemp HG, et al. Aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1983;67:134–8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.1.134. 5. Sushil Kumar Singh, Tushar Goyal, Rishi Sethi, Sharad Chandra, Vijayant Devenraj, Nitin Kumar Rajput, Dinesh Kaushal, Vivek Tewarson, Santosh Gupta, Sarvesh Kumar, Surgical treatment for coronary artery aneurysm: a single-centre experience, Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, Volume 17, Issue 4, October 2013, Pages 632-636, https://doi. org/10.1093/icvts/ivt282 6. Morita H, Ozawa H, Yamazaki S, Yamauchi Y, Tsuji M, Katsumata T, Ishizaka N. A case of giant coronary artery aneurysm with fistulous connection to the pulmonary artery: a case report and review of the literature. Intern Med. 2012;51(11):1361- 6. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7134. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22687842. 7. Barioli A, Visco E, Pellizzari N, Marzot F, Lanzellotti D, Favero L, Cernetti C. Diagnostic workup and treatment options for aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Vessel Plus. 2024;8:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2023.68 8. Abou Sherif S, Ozden Tok O, Tas ̧köylü Ö, Goktekin O and Kilic ID (2017) Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 4:24. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00024 9. Chauhan et al.: An unruptured, thrombosed 10 cm right coronary artery aneurysm mimicking a pericardial cyst. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013 8:2. 10. Sannino, M.; Nicolai, M.; Infusino, F.; Giulio, L.; Usai, T.L.; Biscotti, G.; Azzarri, A.; De Angelis D’Ossat, M.; Calcagno, S.; Calcagno, S. Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Clinical Case Report and Literature Review Supporting Therapeutic Choices. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5348. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185348 11. Pham, V.; Hemptinne, Q.; Grinda, J.; Duboc D.; Varenne, O.; Picard, F. Giant coronary aneurysms, from diagnosis to treatment: A literature review. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020, January, 113(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. acvd.2019.10.008 12. Khouzam, M.S., Khouzam, N. Giant coronary artery aneurysms involving more than one coronary artery: case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 16, 177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13019-021-01560-5. 13. Ramirez, F.D., et. Al. Natural History and Management of Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Graft Aneurysms. A Systematic Review of Published Cases. American Heart Association. 2012 Oct, (126)18, 1524-4539. 14. Nichols, L., Lagana, S., Parwani, A. Coronary Artery Aneurysm. A Review and Hypothesis Regarding Etiology. Arch Pathol Lab Med (2008) 132 (5): 823–828. https://doi.org/10.5858/2008- 132-823-CAAARA. 15. Bajaj, S. Et Al. Covered-Stent Treatment of Coronary Aneurysm after Drug-Eluting Stent Placement, Case Report and Literature ReviewTex Heart Inst 2010;37(4):449-54). 16. Aoki J, Kirtane A, Leon MB, Dangas G. Coronary artery aneurysms after drug-eluting stent implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008 Feb;1(1):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j. jcin.2007.10.004. PMID: 19393139. 17. Befeler B, Aranda MJ, Embi A, Mullin FL, El-Sherif N, Lazzara R. Coronary artery aneurysms: study of the etiology, clinical course and effect on left ventricular function and prognosis. Am J Med. 1977;62:597-607. 18. Pasha, A.K., Jokerst, C.E., Janardhanan, R. Myocardial Infarction related to a Coronary Artery Aneurysm. The American Journal of Medicine. 2015, February (128)2. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.017. 19. ElGuindy MS, ElGuindy AM. Aneurysmal coronary artery disease: An overview, Global Cardiology Science and Practice 2017:26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2017.26. 20. Khubber S, Chana R, Meenakshisundaram C, et al. Coronary artery aneurysms: outcomes following medical, pinterventional and surgical management. Open Heart 2021;8:e001440. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2020-001440. 21. Sugiyama, K., Matsuyama, K., Maruno, K. et al. A case of ruptured infective coronary artery aneurysm. surg case rep 3, 75 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-017-0347-6. 22. Johnson, P.T., Fishman, E.K. CT Angiography of Coronary Artery Aneurysms; Detection, definition, causes, and treatment. American Journal of Roentology. 2010, March (195)4. https:// doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3517. 23. Kacila M, Matteucci ML, Bevilacqua S, Granov N, Glauber M. Treatment of left anterior descending artery aneurysm. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2006 Nov;6(4):22-4. doi: 10.17305/ bjbms.2006.3113. PMID: 17177643; PMCID: PMC5807962. 24. Beyer, M., Shoap, S., Beyer, E. Massive Giant Coronary Aneurysm. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2024, March (2)1, 38-39. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.atssr.2023.09.001. 25. Hannah, E.L., Et Al. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. American Heart Association.2022,June(15)6. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/ CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011687. 26. Zhu Et. Al., Challenges and strategies in the management of coronary artery aneurysms. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology 62 (2021) 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2020.09.004. 27. Krüger D, Stierle U, Herrmann G, Simon R, Sheikhzadeh A. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in isolated coronary artery ectasias and aneurysms (“dilated coronopathy”). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;34(5):1461-70. doi: 10.1016/s0735- 1097(99)00375-7. PMID: 10551693. 28. Gundoğdu F, Arslan S, Buyukkaya E, Senocak H. Treatment of a coronary artery aneurysm by use of a covered stent graft - a case report. Int J Angiol. 2007 Spring;16(1):31-2. doi: 10.1055/ s-0031-1278242. PMID: 22477247; PMCID: PMC2733002. 29. Shah, S, Patel, T, Patel, G. et al. Percutaneous Treatment of Long Coronary Aneurysms: Novel Technique for Increased Efficacy and Safety. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019 Dec, 1 (4) 628–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.10.004. 30. Deibele AJ, Jennings LK, Tcheng JE, Neva C, Earhart AD, Gibson CM. Intracoronary eptifibatide bolus administration during percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute coronary syndromes with evaluation of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy and platelet function: the Intracoronary Eptifibatide (ICE) Trial. Circulation. 2010 Feb 16;121(6):784- 91. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882746. 31. Kumar, V. Et. Al. Large intracoronary thrombus and its management during primary PCI. Indian Heart Journal. 72 (2020) 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.009. 32. Gülec S, Aras O, Atmaca Y, Akyürek O, Hanson NQ, Sayin T, Tsai MY, Akar N, Oral D. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is a potent risk factor for coronary artery ectasia. Heart. 2003 Feb;89(2):213-4. doi: 10.1136/ heart.89.2.213. PMID: 12527685; PMCID: PMC1767548. 33. Zhu L, Cui Q, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu F, Wang J. Effects of a Secondary Prevention Combination Therapy with betaBlocker and Statin on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Aug 18;26:e925114. doi: 10.12659/MSM.925114. PMID: 32808600; PMCID: PMC7453752. 34. Gebbers JO. Atherosclerosis, cholesterol, nutrition, and statins- -a critical review. Ger Med Sci. 2007 Aug 16;5:Doc04. PMID: 19675712; PMCID: PMC2703237. 35. Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, Wedel H, Berglund G. Lowdose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation. 2001 Apr 3;103(13):1721-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1721. PMID: 11282901. 36. Hu M, Hu S, Gao X, Yang Y. Beta-Blocker Use after Discharge in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Contemporary Reperfusion Era. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Aug 30;58(9):1177. doi: 10.3390/medicina58091177. PMID: 36143854; PMCID: PMC9506114. 37. Khalid, N., Kumar, S., Muskula, P., Muhammad, M., Helmy T. Coronary Artery Aneurysms and Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Interventonalist’s Dilemma. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J. 2024;20(1):33-39. doi. 10.14797/mdcvj.1343. 38. Baman TS, Cole JH, Devireddy CM, Sperling LS. Risk factors and outcomes in patients with coronary artery aneurysms. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Jun 15;93(12):1549-51. doi: 10.1016/j. amjcard.2004.03.011. PMID: 15194034. 39. Bararu-Bojan, I., Badulescu, O.-V., Badescu, M. C., Vladeanu, M. C., Plesoianu, C. E., Bojan, A., Iliescu-Halitchi, D., Tudor, R., Huzum, B., Frasinariua, O. E., & Ciocoiu, M. (2024). New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Aneurysms. Diagnostics, 14(19), 2167. https://doi.org/10.339

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