Blockchain-enabled risk mitigation in green hydrogen supply chains: an interval type-2 fuzzy MCDM approach

• Proposes a novel IT2 F-SWARA & IT2 F-EDAS framework for GHSC risk evaluation. • Identifies and ranks 23 key risks in the Green Hydrogen Supply Chain (GHSC). • Highlights Economic and Technological & Infrastructure risks as the most critical. • Evaluates blockchain technology as a risk mitigation tool in GHSC. • Ranks 11 blockchain facilitators, with Smart Contracts and Transparency as top enablers. • Provides a structured decision-making model for GHSC resilience and sustainability. • Validates findings through sensitivity analysis and expert panel evaluation. • Supports clean energy policies and hydrogen decarbonization strategies. This study introduces a novel fuzzy hybrid framework that integrates Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (IT2 F-SWARA), and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (IT2 F-EDAS) methods to evaluate and rank risk factors and blockchain technology facilitators in the Green Hydrogen Supply Chain (GHSC). As sustainability becomes increasingly critical in the energy sector, green hydrogen (GH) emerges as a promising solution for decarbonizing industries. However, the GHSC faces significant risks, including high investment costs, operational complexities, and inadequate technological infrastructure. Blockchain technology, known for its transparency, security, and decentralization, is proposed as a potential enabler to mitigate these risks. The research begins with a comprehensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify key GHSC risks and blockchain facilitators, followed by expert panel validation to finalize 23 risks and 11 facilitators. The IT2 F-SWARA method calculates the weights of risks, while IT2 F-EDAS ranks the facilitators in relation to risk mitigation. The results indicate that economic and technological and infrastructure factors are the most critical, while blockchain facilitators such as transparent transactions and smart contracts are most effective in addressing GHSC risks. This research provides a unique decision-making framework to help practitioners in the energy sector prioritize blockchain strategies for risk management, enhancing resilience and sustainability in GHSC operations. The methodology’s robustness is verified through consistency tests and sensitivity analysis. By addressing gaps in the existing literature on the integration of blockchain technology in the GHSC, the study offers valuable insights for both academia and industry.