Comparativa entre la manga gástrica y el bypass gástrico como tratamiento para la obesidad

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease that is associated with a significant increase in metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, underscoring the need for effective treatments. The objective of this research is to compare the effectiveness, safety and long-term results of these procedures through a review of the scientific literature. An electronic search was carried out for scientific articles published from January 2019 to 2024 in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScieLO databases. Scientific evidence suggests that the two procedures have different benefits; the choice of each of these has to focus on the criteria given by scientific associations and societies duly recognized worldwide. In conclusion, both gastric sleeve and gastric bypass are effective interventions to treat morbid obesity, with clear benefits in weight loss and improvement of comorbidities. Gastric bypass stands out for offering a faster and more sustained weight reduction, particularly in cases of extreme obesity or severe comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, although it implies a greater risk of long-term nutritional deficiencies due to its malabsorption component. In contrast, the gastric sleeve, less invasive and with fewer postoperative complications, minimizes the impact on nutrient absorption, although it can exacerbate gastroesophageal reflux. The choice of procedure depends on the specific clinical needs of the patient.