Optimización aerodinámica de autobuses en Ecuador: eficiencia energética y sostenibilidad

The aerodynamic optimization of buses is fundamental to improving fuel efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions, especially in countries like Ecuador, where geographic and climatic conditions present additional challenges. This study aimed to evaluate aerodynamic strategies applied to bus design through a systematic literature review, identifying the most effective technologies to minimize aerodynamic drag and improve energy performance. An exhaustive search was conducted in scientific databases such as ScienceDirect and Scopus, selecting studies published between 2019 and 2023 that addressed the use of aerodynamic devices, body modifications, and CFD simulations. The results indicated that spoilers and diffusers can reduce the drag coefficient by 9.23% and 3.68%, respectively, while the use of dimpled surfaces achieves savings of up to 6.4 liters per 1,000 km traveled. Additionally, body modifications, such as deflectors and optimized geometries, significantly reduce aerodynamic drag and improve vehicle stability. The research highlights the importance of CFD simulations and the integration of artificial intelligence in future studies to accelerate the development of more efficient designs. It is concluded that the implementation of these technologies, along with public policies that encourage their adoption, is essential for advancing towards more sustainable and efficient public transportation in Ecuador, reducing operational costs and the environmental impact of the automotive sector.