Enhancing Road Safety and Network Intelligence through Vehicleto-Everything (V2X) Communication: Architectures, Models, and Performance Analysis

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is a transformative and rapidly advancing paradigm that enables real-time, bidirectional data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and broader network systems using wireless technologies. As urban mobility becomes more complex and traffic congestion, collision rates, and demand for safer and more efficient transportation rise, V2X emerges as a key enabler of smart mobility and autonomous driving. By integrating various modes of communication—including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Network (V2N), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)—V2X provides a unified platform for situational awareness and proactive decision-making. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of V2X communication modes, detailing their architectures, use cases, and deployment challenges. Each communication mode plays a distinct role in enhancing traffic flow, improving road safety, and reducing the burden on human drivers. Moreover, the study introduces mathematical models designed to evaluate crucial performance metrics such as latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network throughput under varying conditions, including traffic density, node mobility, and infrastructure placement. The simulation results underscore the impact of relay node positioning, Road Side Unit (RSU) density, and packet size on the efficiency and reliability of V2X networks. The concluding section highlights the need for dependable and scalable V2X infrastructure and advocates for the integration of intelligent routing algorithms, adaptive communication strategies, and context-aware systems. These advancements are vital to achieving robust, future-proof smart transportation networks that can adapt to evolving technological and societal demands.