Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of interleukin-37 in kidney diseases: A mini-review

Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is a newly discovered anti-inflammatory cytokine from the IL-1 family that plays a key role in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. It is secreted in healthy tissues, reflecting a homeostatic function. Intracellularly, IL-37 suppresses diverse inflammatory signals in various cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Although it has been studied in many conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, its specific role in kidney diseases remains relatively understudied. In this mini-review, we summarize current evidence on the biology of IL-37, with a focus on its relevance to kidney disease. We explore its molecular structure, patterns of expression, and the immunomodulatory mechanisms that may influence kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. We also discuss the challenges of translating IL-37-based therapies into clinical practice and highlight key areas for future research aimed at unlocking its potential in the treatment of kidney diseases.