A Closed-Loop Environmental Health Management Platform: A Multifunctional MgFe₂O₄ Nanoparticle Enabling AI-Enhanced Detection, Bioimaging, and Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics

Emerging pollutants such as tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) have garnered attention due to their ecological impacts and the evolution of drug resistance. However, the comprehensive monitoring of TCs remains inadequate. This study presents a multifunctional integrated system that addresses the limitations in current TCs research by combining detection, degradation, and bioimaging capabilities within a platform. By employing magnetic MgFe₂O₄ nanospheres, we achieve full-chain coverage for pollutant treatment, transcending the limitations of traditional single-function materials. To achieve this, we utilize machine-learning-driven precise detection technology and apply the graph neural networks model to analyze fluorescence spectra, successfully distinguishing between four TCs with highly similar structures. Subsequent dual-channel in vivo fluorescence imaging monitoring in zebrafish enables visualization of the spatial distribution of TCs types within living organisms and quantitative monitoring of TCs at different concentrations, providing a new tool for the in situ tracking of drug metabolism processes and ecotoxicological research. Lastly, the magnetic MgFe₂O₄ nanospheres exhibit efficient degradation capabilities, with degradation efficiencies exceeding 93.98% for all four TCs within 50 min. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the nanospheres address the challenge of nanomaterial recovery, enabling recycling of the catalyst. This work provides an innovative AI-material hybrid platform for intelligent pollution control.