Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions

Abstract This study investigated processes responsible for the acidification of the mixed layer water at station K2 ( $$47^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>47</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> N, $$160^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>160</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> E) in the western subarctic North Pacific by analyzing physical and biogeochemical variables during 1850–2014 in a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth system model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 under historical carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) emissions. Analysis revealed an accelerated pH decline at a rate of −0.0015 $$\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which began around 1960. An increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is found to be the principal factor of the pH decline. DIC budget analysis of the mixed layer identified the primary physical process accelerating the DIC increase during 1960–2014: enhanced vertical entrainment of the DIC-rich deep water into the mixed layer during autumn–winter (rate of 3.1 $${{{{\upmu }}}} \text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). This enhancement is attributed to the equatorial Pacific frequent high sea surface temperature condition due to global warming and El Niño events through the model’s atmospheric teleconnection. $$\hbox {CO}_\text{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> gas exchange at the sea surface contributes secondarily to the DIC increase (0.16 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). Meanwhile, horizontal advection (−0.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) and biological consumption (−2.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) partially counteract DIC input. These physical and biological processes collectively resulted in a simulated DIC increase of 0.043 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (i.e., 0.52 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mm

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Journal
Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Published
2025-06-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-025-00709-3
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1
Primary Topic
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.11

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article

Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions

Masahide Wakita, Akira Nagano, Masahito Shigemitsu
1 citations
Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
1.11
article

Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions

Masahide Wakita, Akira Nagano, Masahito Shigemitsu
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Abstract This study investigated processes responsible for the acidification of the mixed layer water at station K2 ( $$47^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>47</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> N, $$160^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>160</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> E) in the western subarctic North Pacific by analyzing physical and biogeochemical variables during 1850–2014 in a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth system model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 under historical carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) emissions. Analysis revealed an accelerated pH decline at a rate of −0.0015 $$\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which began around 1960. An increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is found to be the principal factor of the pH decline. DIC budget analysis of the mixed layer identified the primary physical process accelerating the DIC increase during 1960–2014: enhanced vertical entrainment of the DIC-rich deep water into the mixed layer during autumn–winter (rate of 3.1 $${{{{\upmu }}}} \text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). This enhancement is attributed to the equatorial Pacific frequent high sea surface temperature condition due to global warming and El Niño events through the model’s atmospheric teleconnection. $$\hbox {CO}_\text{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> gas exchange at the sea surface contributes secondarily to the DIC increase (0.16 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). Meanwhile, horizontal advection (−0.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) and biological consumption (−2.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) partially counteract DIC input. These physical and biological processes collectively resulted in a simulated DIC increase of 0.043 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (i.e., 0.52 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mm

Progress in Earth and Planetary ScienceVol. 12(1)
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JP)
Hokkaido University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
Openalex Percentile: Top 23%
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
1.11
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