Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions
Abstract This study investigated processes responsible for the acidification of the mixed layer water at station K2 ( $$47^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>47</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> N, $$160^{\circ }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>160</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> E) in the western subarctic North Pacific by analyzing physical and biogeochemical variables during 1850–2014 in a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth system model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 under historical carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) emissions. Analysis revealed an accelerated pH decline at a rate of −0.0015 $$\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , which began around 1960. An increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is found to be the principal factor of the pH decline. DIC budget analysis of the mixed layer identified the primary physical process accelerating the DIC increase during 1960–2014: enhanced vertical entrainment of the DIC-rich deep water into the mixed layer during autumn–winter (rate of 3.1 $${{{{\upmu }}}} \text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). This enhancement is attributed to the equatorial Pacific frequent high sea surface temperature condition due to global warming and El Niño events through the model’s atmospheric teleconnection. $$\hbox {CO}_\text{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> gas exchange at the sea surface contributes secondarily to the DIC increase (0.16 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). Meanwhile, horizontal advection (−0.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) and biological consumption (−2.6 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) partially counteract DIC input. These physical and biological processes collectively resulted in a simulated DIC increase of 0.043 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{month}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>month</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (i.e., 0.52 $${\upmu }\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{year}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>mol</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>year</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mm
Authors
- Masahide Wakita (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-0546)
- Akira Nagano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0032-4799)
- Masahito Shigemitsu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-265X)
Institutions
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JP)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
- Published
- 2025-06-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-025-00709-3
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.11
Funders
- Hokkaido University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology