Valvular Heart Diseases: Advances in Biology, Treatments and Future Technologies

Heart valves maintain unidirectional blood flow, ensuring effective cardiac function. Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major global cause of morbidity. Given the scale and impact of valvular heart disease, this review focuses on the structures and mechanisms of the four major valves, aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves comprehending the biology and clinical aspects of both congenital and acquired valvular diseases. This manuscript reviews emerging updates in transcatheter mitral valve repair, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and stem cells-based approaches for the management of various valvular diseases. Additionally, the article provides insights into computational models and artificial intelligence in next generation valvular therapies.