EXPLORING HOST IMMUNE MODULATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE DENGUE VACCINE

The absence of a vaccine that is effective against the dengue virus (DENV) puts more than half of the world\'s population at risk of developing the disease. Although the symptoms of a primary infection are usually moderate, infections with a different serotype later on can have serious consequences, such as dengue shock syndrome (DSS) or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). There are four different serotypes of the virus (DENV-1 to DENV-4), and the severity of the sickness is greatly influenced by antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), in which non-neutralizing antibodies encourage viral entry and reproduction. This makes developing vaccines more difficult. A possible tactic is host modulation, which entails modifying immunological pathways to elicit a regulated protective response. To develop vaccines that protect against all serotypes with fewer side effects, researchers are focusing on cytokine signaling, T-cell polarization, and innate immunity. Furthermore, precise control over host-pathogen interactions is made possible by sophisticated adjuvants, delivery methods, and systems biology approaches. The difficulties in developing a dengue vaccine are examined in this paper, which also emphasizes host modulation as a possible remedy for safer, more potent vaccines.