16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences for a phylogenetic analysis of milk contaminants

Milk is considered a highly nutritious food as it contains essential macronutrients necessary for human growth and overall well-being. Previous research indicates that raw milk serves as an ideal medium for bacterial growth, which makes it a potential source of contamination. Pathogenic bacteria in milk pose a major public health risk, contributing to approximately 90% of dairy-related illnesses. This study examined five selected bacterial genera, four of which belong to the ESKAPE group, while the fifth is a globally recognized foodborne pathogen. The study focused on analyzing their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships using 16S rRNA sequences. The phylogenetic relationships shown in the phylogenetic tree illuminate both the common and unique evolutionary paths that culminate in the formidable virulence of ESKAPE pathogens. Whether through shared inheritance or the dynamic exchange of genetic material, these relationships help explain why these bacteria are so adept at causing life-threatening infections and resisting antibiotics.