A novel approach for watermarking medical images using electronic patient record data and a multi-bit-quantisation modulation method

The increasing number of medical images and advancements in communication and computer technology has raised concerns about the authenticity of these images in e-health applications. The proposed method is a watermarking scheme for medical images using electronic patient record data. It aims to protect the security and privacy of medical data, as well as to verify the authenticity, integrity, and ownership of the medical image. It involves four stages: pre-processing, feature extraction, generation of ownership share, and copyright authentication. The scheme uses various techniques, such as active contour segmentation, nearest neighbour greyscale residuals, logistic-logistic system, Slantlet transform, singular value decomposition, and quantisation index modulation. The experiment of the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio evaluation. Numerous experiments show that the system is resilient to several attacks, as seen by its high normalised cross-correlation values and low bit error rate.