The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure for Emergency Health Care Service in St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Out-of-pocket payments were the predominant method of payment, followed by Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) and government waivers. Out-of-pocket spending consistently exceeded other payment methods across all age groups, both genders, various geographic regions, referral sources, and among individuals with comorbid conditions.