Can micronutrients mitigate childhood epilepsy? Exploring the hidden impact of essential nutrients

Epilepsy is often associated with altered levels of micronutrients which may affect seizure control and overall health. Studies have shown deficiencies in vitamins D, B6, antioxidants, zinc and magnesium in individuals with epilepsy are possibly due to factors such as decreased sunlight exposure, dietary restrictions and antiepileptic drugs' use. Addressing these deficiencies could complement epilepsy management. This review study aims to examine the role of micronutrients in childhood epilepsy. An extensive literature survey was conducted using databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar to locate peer-reviewed articles of clinical trial and observational studies showing the results of effect of micronutrient supplementation in children with epilepsy. Studies were reviewed for inclusion based on their relevance to this subject matter. Total 27 manuscripts from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed in order to write this review study. Vitamin D and B6 show promise in reducing seizure frequency and severity. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces seizure frequency and improves EEG findings, possibly due to its modulatory effects on neuronal excitability and anti-inflammatory properties. Similarly, vitamin B6 supplementation reduces seizure severity and improves cognitive scores by aiding neurotransmitter synthesis. Among minerals, zinc, magnesium, selenium and copper supplementation exhibit variable efficacy in managing epilepsy. Zinc improves behavior, while magnesium and selenium decrease seizure frequency by regulating neuronal excitability and acting as antioxidants. Copper supplementation reduces seizure duration, indicating its potential in seizure control. Vitamins D and B6, along with minerals like zinc, magnesium, selenium and copper, offer promising options for managing childhood epilepsy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the potential of nutritional interventions as complementary approaches in epilepsy management.