Association Study of KCNJ11 and PPARG Genetic Variants as Potential Biomarkers for Improved Treatment Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PPARG is implicated in the risk of T2DM due to its role in adipocyte differentiation and energy homeostasis. The prevalence of T2DM has been increasing rapidly in recent decades, driven by its pathogenesis which involves insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Numerous studies suggest that the KCNJ11 polymorphism increases the risk of T2DM.This study aims to identify and validate the risk associated with two genetic variants: the PPARG (rs7656250) and the KCNJ11 (rs5219), in a subset of the Indian population. Genotyping of the genetic variants was performed using PCR, RFLP and Sanger sequencing. Significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies were observed between T2DM cases and controls.Both the dominant (KCNJ11: OR, 5.26; 95% CI, 2.93–9.45; p < 0.0001; PPARG: OR, 15; 95% CI, 6.54–34.3; p < 0.0001) and codominant models (KCNJ11: OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.27–0.76; p = 0.002) revealed a strong association of KCNJ11 rs5219 and PPARG rs7656250 with T2DM risk. However, PPARG rs7656250 in the codominant model (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.37–1.04; p = 0.07) did not show significant association. These findings underscore the potential of KCNJ11 and PPARG genetic variants as biomarkers for assessing T2DM risk in the Indian population.