Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Assessment of their In-Vitro Antibacterial Potential Against Common Pathogens in Bovine Semen

Bacterial contamination in bovine semen significantly impacts fertility and overall health in the cattle industry. Traditional antibiotics used to control this contamination raise concerns about antibiotic resistance and potential adverse effects on sperm quality. This study explores the use of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an alternative antibacterial agent for semen preservation. AgNPs were synthesized using ethanolic extracts of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and their antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against common semen pathogens. The synthesized AgNPs displayed superior antibacterial activity, particularly those derived from ethanolic extracts, which were further characterized for their size, shape, stability, and crystalline structure. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential measurements, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of stable, spherical AgNPs with desirable properties for application in semen extenders. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs as a sustainable and effective alternative to antibiotics for reducing bacterial contamination in cryopreserved semen, mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance. One significant challenge of the study is the variability in the synthesis and characterization of AgNPs, which may affect their antibacterial efficacy and stability. Additionally, the potential long-term effects of AgNPs on sperm quality and fertility require thorough investigation to ensure their safety in practical applications. Despite these challenges, the study contributes significantly to the cattle industry by offering a sustainable and effective method to combat bacterial contamination in cryopreserved semen. By demonstrating the superior antibacterial activity of AgNPs synthesized from natural extracts, this research paves the way for reducing reliance on traditional antibiotics, thereby addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance and enhancing overall reproductive health in cattle.