Cross-country differences in implicit citizenship and servantship theories: Contrasting evidence from Germany and Taiwan

The perceptions that citizens and public servants hold about themselves and each other can significantly impact their attitudes and behaviors and, consequently, the legitimacy and effectiveness of public services. Previous scholarship has initiated the exploration of the socio-cognitive foundations of state–citizen relations; however, it remains conceptually fragmented and largely based on empirical evidence from Western administrative systems. Bridging scholarship in public administration and social cognition, this article presents an exploratory study of implicit citizenship and servantship theories (ICTs/ISTs) within two distinct administrative traditions: continental European and East Asian, using Germany and Taiwan as contrasting cases. The results of a survey conducted among citizens and public servants in both countries ( n = 1903) indicate that ICTs/ISTs, despite some similarities, differ in terms of content, sentiment, and coherence, reflecting their unique historical and institutional trajectories. We conclude with an agenda for future research that advances comparative scholarship on the socio-cognitive approach to state–citizen relations. Points for practitioners Assumptions about citizenship and public service are shaped by culture and education. Practitioners should be aware that expectations may differ depending on background. Unconscious beliefs about citizens and public servants influence interactions. Encourage regular reflection to identify and address these assumptions. Citizens may be seen more as consumers in Germany and as rights-bearers in Taiwan. Tailor engagement and communication to local understandings of citizenship. Stereotypes and emotions about public servants and citizens vary by country. Openly discussing these perceptions can prevent misunderstandings and improve cooperation.