Drug-Induced Alterations in Splenic Structure and Function

The spleen is a critical organ involved in immune surveillance, hematopoiesis, and blood filtration, and it is increasingly recognized as a key target for drug-induced toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the spleen and examines the mechanisms by which various classes of drugs induce structural and functional alterations. These mechanisms include direct cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and vascular remodeling, which collectively impact splenic architecture and systemic immune responses. Advances in imaging technologies, omics approaches, and novel in vitro models such as spleen-on-chip and organoids are enhancing the detection and mechanistic understanding of splenic toxicity. Integrating these emerging tools into preclinical safety assessments promises improved translational relevance and personalized therapeutic strategies. Continued research focused on the spleen is essential to bridge current knowledge gaps, develop spleen-protective therapies, and ensure safer pharmacological interventions. This review underscores the importance of spleen-focused pharmacological research in advancing drug safety and patient care