Non-Fourier Approach to Analyze Ternary Nanofluid Flow on Curved Porous Surface

Ternary hybrid nanofluids herald a new era in fluid dynamics, revolutionizing heat transfer and improved energy efficiency. This unique communication investigates thermorheological properties of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow past a curvy, stretchable, porous surface, considering effects of thermal radiation, Lorentz force, and thermal convective boundary constraints, having transformative applications in diverse industrial and cooling technologies. Cattaneo–Christov heat flux theory, which is more relevant at the nanoscale, has been employed in the energy equation instead of Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Moreover, the nanometric phenomenon of thermophoresis and Brownian motion identified by Buongiorno as the most critical factors in heat and mass transfer at the nanoscale have been taken into account. The leading mathematical formulations obtained as a system of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) along with associated boundary conditions are converted to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) by employing suitable transformative variables. The solution is obtained by using the MATLAB bvp4c package in the form of tabular and graphical representations. Solution methodology is confirmed by demonstrating close agreement of achieved results with already published data in open literature. The influences of sundry involved eminent parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are discussed in detail to elaborate the underlying physical phenomenon. Porosity factor and Lorentz force are found in receding velocity, while curvature improves flow. Pertinent involved parameters [Formula: see text] augment the thermal panel. Mass transfer amplifies with the Schmidt parameter and Brownian movement, while the reverse trend is observed for thermophoresis and the Biot number. This study reveals interesting outcomes, especially improved heat transfer rate becoming most pronounced for ternary nanofluids, which is the basic purpose of adding nanoparticles to base fluid.