A Survey and Critical Analysis of Multifactor Authentication Schemes in Modern ICT Environments

With the rapid growth of distributed networks and ICT, online services have become widespread, raising critical concerns about authentication and data security. This paper surveys and analyzes multifactor authentication (MFA) schemes, highlighting the limitations of single-factor methods and the advantages of multifactor authentication schemes using passwords, smart cards, and biometrics. The current paper presents a systematic review of multifactor authentication schemes. Furthermore, the emphasis will also be laid on crucial findings that demand future addressal.