Natural convective flow of hybrid nanofluid in a triangular enclosure with heated wavy wall and cold obstacle

This numerical research investigates the role of hybrid nanofluid and the heated wavy wall on natural convective flow and temperature transport within a wavy porous triangular cavity containing Casson fluid under inclined magnetohydrodynamic and radiation effects. A cold inverted triangular obstacle is embedded in the center of the enclosure to enhance thermal diffusion transport inside the flow domain. The study is motivated by the need to optimize thermal transport performance and minimize entropy generation in systems with complex geometries, which are common in advanced thermal management applications. The finite element approach is used to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy non-dimensional governing equations. The numerical simulation provides results in the form of streamline, isothermal, total entropy production, velocity profile, and average Nusselt number for various key parameters. The findings demonstrate that the rate of heat transfer and total entropy generation decreases with the increasing Hartmann number, while they have an increased impact with increasing Casson parameter, Darcy number, the number of undulations, and volume fraction. The highest stream function is seen at a 60-degree inclination angle. The velocity profile rises with the increasing volume fraction and Rayleigh number. The findings can significantly enhance the design and efficiency of thermal management systems such as microelectronic cooling devices, solar collectors, and biomedical equipment.