Improvement of underwater durability and liquefaction evaluation of biopolymer-treated soil using tannic acid

Liquefaction occurs when loose, saturated sandy soils lose strength due to cyclic loads, like earthquakes, causing ground subsidence and structural collapse. While mitigation is possible, conventional cement-based methods have drawbacks, including carbon emissions and groundwater contamination. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on the need for eco-friendly ground reinforcement materials. Research on biopolymer-treated soils lacks focus on underwater stability and performance degradation. This study used tannic acid to improve underwater durability, as confirmed through soil bonding experiments and cyclic shear tests. The optimal tannic acid formulation, based on gelatin content, enhanced liquefaction resistance and maintained stable strength during underwater curing.